How does parking shape city planning?

Amsterdam
The Dutch government follows the most rigid EU regulations concerning air quality. 40% of air pollution in Amsterdam is caused by 10% of cars, and the city has responded strongly by working towards dismantling car-centric policies. Paid parking can be found in almost every part of the city which has contributed to a 20% reduction in traffic congestion in the inner city.

The central city poses some interesting challenges for drivers. If they want to park, there are three options: apply for a permit, buy a parking space, or rent space in a car park. Parking permits vary in price depending on the area. It can be as high as €270 per permit or even higher and the waitlist can take months, if not years. Buying a parking space is quite expensive as well. Renting a parking space is the best option for many. Amsterdam, like the rest of the Netherlands, has been reclaiming public spaces from cars for over 40 years now. Converting dreary, polluted, and cramped roadways into play streets for children, pedestrians, and cyclists have revitalised many public spaces for the better.

Paris
Before the mid-1990s, Paris followed a fairly pro-car policy and relaxed parking regulations. However, as we hurtled towards the new millennium, city planning and parking policies began to evolve.

Since 2003, Paris has reduced on-street parking while turning free parking into paid spaces. This has helped the city reduce dependence on private car ownership while strengthening public infrastructure. Since then, many parking spaces have been converted into bicycle parking, disabled parking, and tramway access lanes. At the end of 2020, it was announced that Paris would be removing 70,000 surface parking spots to create more space in crowded and narrow streets. And what do they plan on doing with this new space? That’s up to the citizens to decide but the focus is on increasing greenery and improving the quality of public spaces.

In 2021, further initiatives were announced to update parking spaces to make them more sustainable, inclusive, and accessible. These initiatives include over 1000 new parking spaces for people with reduced mobility, parking spots for ride-sharing services, new charging stations for EVs both on-street and underground, and plans for bicycle parking. The overarching goals are to promote low-emission transportation, improve accessibility in public spaces, and support shared mobility options.

Copenhagen
Parking policy goals in this Danish city focus on promoting alternatives to car ownership, reclamation of public spaces, and reducing carbon emissions.Copenhagen has steep parking rates, particularly in the city centre, which encourages travellers and commuters to use alternative transport like public transit or cycling. They have also steadily reduced on-street parking spaces in favour of bike lanes and new pedestrian areas. Reclamation of public spaces and changes in city planning began in the 1970s. Strøget, in the city centre, has long been pedestrianised while many districts like Nørrebro are being redesigned with more shared public spaces and less parking.

Antwerp
Antwerp, Belgium manages parking through a private-public partnership with Gemeentelijk Autonoom Parkeerbedrijf Antwerpen (GAPA), also called Municipal Autonomous Parking Antwerp.

GAPA has emphasised paid parking, regulatory enforcement, and the use of smart parking solutions in their parking policies. GAPA works hard to promote shared parking, offering services to make it easier for people to switch to shared parking. This includes an online platform to facilitate leasing and rental of parking spaces, bringing private parking lots into public use, and subsidising new car parks.

Berlin
In the 1990s, Berlin abolished parking minimums (except for disability parking and bicycles) and does not impose maximums. Deregulation of off-street parking has helped the city narrow down on on-street parking and improve its management over the last 20 years. Removal of parking minimums in developments was met with no backlash, perhaps due to declining car ownership rates and improved public transportation. However, on-street parking management remains an issue in many areas of the city and smart management tools may be the key to solving this.

Brussels
Brussels’ parking policy focuses on decongestion and promoting alternative modes of transport. The Good Move Regional Mobility Plan was launched in 2020 to achieve these goals and promote sustainable mobility in the region. The plan aims to improve the quality of life across neighbourhoods in Brussels by influencing the travel habits of residents to create a "closer city" where walking and cycling are encouraged.

According to this plan, priority is given to off-street parking, price modulation for different sectors, reducing the number of parking spaces in public areas, and encouraging the use of hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, and new mobility solutions.